Fujian Tulou, a unique form of rural dwelling in the mountainous regions of Fujian Province, China, is renowned for its distinctive architectural features. These earthen buildings, constructed between the 12th and 20th centuries, are not only a testament to the ingenuity of the Hakka and Minnan people but also a symbol of communal living and defense.

The most striking feature of Fujian Tulou is its circular or rectangular shape, which is designed to accommodate large extended families. The buildings are typically three to five stories high, with the lower floors used for storage and the upper floors for living quarters. The thick earthen walls, sometimes up to 1.8 meters thick, provide excellent insulation against the harsh weather conditions and also serve as a formidable defense against intruders.

Another notable feature is the central courtyard, which is an essential part of the Tulou's design. This open space serves as a communal area for social gatherings, religious ceremonies, and daily activities. The courtyard is often surrounded by a ring of rooms, creating a sense of unity and cohesion among the residents.

The construction of Fujian Tulou involves a combination of rammed earth, wood, and stone. The walls are built using a technique called "rammed earth," where layers of soil, lime, and other materials are compacted to create a solid and durable structure. The wooden framework supports the roof, which is typically covered with tiles. The use of local materials not only makes the construction cost-effective but also ensures that the buildings blend harmoniously with the surrounding landscape.

Fujian Tulou is also known for its intricate decorative elements. The windows and doors are often adorned with carvings and inscriptions, reflecting the cultural and artistic heritage of the region. The roofs are designed with overhanging eaves to protect the walls from rain and to provide shade during the hot summer months.

In 2008, Fujian Tulou was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its outstanding universal value. These remarkable structures continue to attract visitors from around the world, offering a glimpse into the rich history and culture of the Hakka and Minnan people.